The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of cellulosic pad made of kraft hand sheet papers and commercial cellulosic PADS (CELdek 50×90 and CELdek 70×90). Hand sheet papers were made by the use of a large hand sheet maker at available at pulp and paper laboratory of Wood and Paper Science and Technology department at the University of Tehran and then corrugated with B flute size in Pars carton factory. After cutting, corrugated papers were cross-laminated by kraft adhesive and with 90 degree flute angle. Then, PADS were soaked in NS-88 resin and dried at 35±2 oC. Cooling efficiency and water consumption of experiments were measured as a function of air velocity. Cellulosic PADS were tested in a wind tunnel at three different levels of air velocity (1.8, 2.25 and 2.67 ms-1). The results showed that cellulosic PADS made of kraft hand sheet papers had the highest efficiency compared to the commercial cellulosic PADS (CELdek 50×90 and CELdek 70×90). It has also been found that by increasing the air velocity, the cooling efficiency decreased and water consumption increased.

Abrupt changing in track vertical stiffness on railway bridges transition zone, increased dynamic loads and asymmetric deformations. Using elastic PADS on the deck such as under sleeper PADS and rails reduce the track vertical stiffness on deck. So a finite element model of the ballasted track and short span bridge were created and validated.The results show that at method used under sleeper PADS on deck , state use the under sleeper PADS with variable stiffness for all sleepers on the deck is the best performance and nearly 20, 5 and 7 percent improvement in behavior in terms of static rail vertical displacement, ballast layer vertical displacement and normal stress in subgrade layer respectively and based on dynamic analysis rail dynamic vertical displacement and rail vertical acceleration improved 9 and 16 percent respectively. About combinatorial transition method include improved embankment in transition zone with resilient PADS under the rail for rail on deck improved track behavior based on the criteria the rail vertical displacement and ballasted layer vertical displacement about 31 percent, also decreased the normal stress in the middle of the subgrade layer approximately 24 percent and based on dynamic analysis, rail dynamic vertical displacement and rail vertical acceleration is improved by about 27, 34 percent respectively.

Introduction: Careful planning on health care may prevent the spread of disease and reduce the expense for treatment. Regarding the importance of health care in the clinical centers including physiotherapy clinics, this study was designed to investigate the rate of bacterial contamination of electrotherapy’s PADS which use in the physiotherapy clinics of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (Iran).Material and Methods: 20 electrotherapy’s PADS were sampled from three physiotherapy clinics. In order to find any contamination, the samples were cultured in the Medical School’s microbiology laboratory. A questionnaire was used to collect data about the method of washing and sterilizing used in the physiotherapy clinics.Results: The laboratory results showed all sampled PADS were infected, while different pattern of contamination were seen among clinics. Normal skin flora of bacteria was found in the sampled PADS from two clinics that used normal washing method and Whitex sterilizing method, while more varieties of contamination including; Klebsiella, Serratia and Enterobacteria were found in the other clinic that used just normal washing method.Conclusion: The results indicated that the all sampled PADS were contaminated and this could be considered as a potential factor for transfer contamination between patients and therapists. These results confirm the importance of using substituting methods such as disposable pad, sterile electrolyte jell, and or using standard sterilizing method to disinfect the electrotherapy PADS. More research is needed to control and prevent the ways of transfer contaminations in the physiotherapy clinics.

In this research, some brake PADS have been produced by in situ polymerization method and dispersion of Nano clay (Montmorillonite) in a phenolic resin matrix. They possess a long life besides having a smooth and reliable braking ability. The optimum amount of Nano clay was determined to be 2/5% to prevent Nano clay molding and results in its uniform distribution in the phenolic resin bed, as well as increasing the mechanical properties of the brake pad. According to the results of the tests, in two formulations of the same brake pad, one without a Nano clay and the other containing Nano clay, the bending from 70 MPa to 76 MPa, the hardness of the samples from 83 to 91 (shore A), abrasion of samples from 4. 2308 × 10-7 to 3. 8674 × 10-7, and the coefficient of friction from 0. 228 to 0. 232 have been changed, respectively.